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The result of countless different cultures naming the same stars, inconsistent star names have necessitated the need for a dependable and systematic method of stellar nomenclature based on the brightness of stars within any given constellation.
Parsecs and light years are common measurements of distance to celestial objects, and the former is especially significant for its importance to scientific writing and its relationship with parallax.
The three population (pop) classifications categorize stars based on how much metal is contained within them, and this concept of "pop" stars is sometimes crucial to research.
Astrometry.net is a highly effective tool that analyzes astronomical images and can determine the WCS coordinates of the image as well as details of the known celestial objects contained within it.
A measure of movement towards or away from the observer, radial velocity is just one component of stellar motion that is derived through measurement of the doppler effect.
When describing night-sky objects, spherical (not linear) measurements are used. These measurements are typically in degrees, arcminutes, and arcseconds.
Proper motion is the change in (x, y) tangential motion of a star, and described in two coordinates: Right Ascension and Declination
Star color is based on its temperature (hotter stars are blue, while cooler stars are red), and the color/temperature of a star can be classified into stellar classes
Magnitude is the brightness of a star, and the measures of magnitude are absolute (brightness as appears to observer) and apparent (measure of how much light is being put out by an object)